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Johns Hopkins University (Johns Hopkins) have discovered how certain cells in the development stages audio system sends a signal before the ear is able to take in noisy surroundings. These findings, published in the journal Nature, help explain how sad and developing brain region tmux tutorial responsible for hearing without external sounds. In addition, this discovery may explain why people sometimes "beeps" (tinnitus) in your ears and sounds that come out of nowhere.
The study, young rats, focused on cells in the ears, which are not neurons. So far, these cells were quiet Scouts "who are not directly involved in nerve communication. To the surprise of the researchers, they observed that these cells show electrical activity, similar to nerve cells. This activity occurred spontaneously, with no sound or any external stimulus.
According to Dr. Dwight tmux tutorial Berglas tmux tutorial (Dwight Bergles), a senior lecturer in the Department of Neuroscience at Hopkins, is generally believed that during the development of the auditory system, nerve cells that connect the auditory organs to the brain need to experience sound or other neural activity to find their way through some of the brain responsible for sound processing. So when we saw that these supporting cells could generate their own electrical activity, they suspected that they might be involved in startup activity required to guide neurons.
To find out how these cells generate electrical tmux tutorial pulses tmux tutorial Bergles and his team examined the effect of inhibitors and various drugs on the developing tmux tutorial cochlea tmux tutorial (the cochlea, a small area and hollow inner ear liquid-filled role in converting sound waves into electrical signals). They found that the drugs which affect the electrical signals are those that interfere with the activity of ATP, which is a molecule that is used as a signal for communication between tmux tutorial cells.
According to Bergles, a breakthrough came when it was discovered that ATP causes the supporting cells to change their shape. The researchers found that ATP released from the supporting cells adjacent to the hair cells (hair cells), which are the cells responsible for transferring sound information to the auditory nerves. Because on the surface of the hair cells are receptors for ATP, hypothesized that this molecule are affected. Indeed, the researchers found that the hair cells exhibit spontaneous electrical activity tmux tutorial as the responses in neighboring support cells, and is affected by the presence of inhibitors that block the receptors for ATP.
ATP then the hair cells causes these cells to release tmux tutorial another chemical, glutamate activates the nerve cells into the brain. In this way, the presence of ATP mimics a situation of external noises developing ear before she can pick up sounds from the environment. This is a kind of preliminary preparation stage you move to the auditory brain.
The archaeologists, retaining only a few cells release ATP, and run every time just some nearby hair cells. This may help nerve cells recognize their neighbors and their location, and in doing so, create appropriate links between them and shape the auditory region of the brain.
The obvious question of this study is, why should "hear" during ear development before birth? The hypothesis is that the ability to detect tmux tutorial small differences in sound, as reflected in the speech sometimes requires a lot of Ciononim thin, based on the connections between nerve cells in the brain. Electrical activity may be described, which runs every time a small number of nerve cells, enables the ability tmux tutorial of this delicate auditory.
While this activity is essential for retaining cells proper development of the auditory system, it may be bad in the adult as it would neural-electrical activity without stimulation of the external tmux tutorial sounds. However, it was found that the first two weeks rat life, most of the cells that release ATP disappear. At this time the rat can hear, and the spontaneous electrical activity stops.
Although there is no ATP adult cell environment hypothesis, they are still able to respond to it. Exposure to loud sounds from the environment can cause the release of ATP in the ear. In this situation, the seller C"tziltzolim ears ", we hear sounds even though they are not constructing. In addition, in these cases, may be caused by changes in the connections tmux tutorial between nerve cells in the brain, tmux tutorial similar to processes that occur during the development of the auditory system. tmux tutorial Such changes tmux tutorial may affect the function of nerve cells and hearing.
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